Phi 346 Sp12
 
Reading guide for Wed. 2/8: Wittgenstein, sels. from The Blue and Brown Books, Brown Book, §§21-55 (pp. 91-107)
 

The following groupings of language games from part I of the Brown Book follows the same format as the last guide. Wittgenstein here gradually works his way up to the idea of an ability.

21(from “We introduce …”)-32: unbounded games

Wittgenstein often took our ability to go on forever following the series of numbers as a simple surrogate for our ability to construct an unlimited number of sentences, so the topic of these examples is more general than it may at first appear. He offers a detailed commentary at the end of (32), pp. 94f.

33-38: moving by command according to rules

These begin to raise issues concerning what he called in the Blue Book (p. 13) “a process involving a rule” (rather than merely being in accord with one). Wittgenstein comments on them at the end of (38) but he has more to say after the next two.

39-40: the same without rules

These point to an analogue of the idea that the chain of actual reasons is limited (Blue Book, pp. 14f). The cases themselves are described in a few sentences, with most of p. 97 serving as a commentary on them and the preceding group.

41: general training

I’ve separated this game from others because it has its own commentary and even a label provided by Wittgenstein.

42-43: “reading word by word”

The idea of being guided was an important one for Wittgenstein and reading was a standard example of it for him. This is the topic he will address for the rest of part I and the specific issue of abilities will occupy him for a large part of it.

44-46: “can” used to describe states of objects

The concept of possibility raises many of the same issues as intentionality. Here Wittgenstein begins to explore ways in which talk of possibilities can be like or unlike talk of an object’s properties.

47-48: abilities as qualities and grounds for their ascribing them

Wittgenstein’s commentary following these passages doesn’t address them directly but is important nonetheless. The idea of “natural expressions of emotion” is one he uses also in his in discussions of the ascription of mental states to others.

49: using “has” and “can” on the basis of the same fact

Notice that the two sorts of expression exhibited in this game are verified in the same way though in other respects they play different roles in the language.

50-53: historical narration

Wittgenstein’s comments on these games suggest you might think of them in connection with Augustine’s puzzle about time, which Wittgenstein mentioned in the Blue Book (p. 26).

54-55: telling time

Here you should recall the first few paragraphs of the Blue Book.