• What leads Kuhn to hold that “there is no such thing as research without counterinstances” (pp. 77-81)? (The quotation is from p. 79.)

• What is the typical first response to a theoretical anomaly (pp. 81-82)?

• What is necessary for an anomaly to evoke a crisis (pp. 82-84)?

• What does Kuhn claim generally about the way crises begin and what are the three ways he says they close (p. 84)?

• How does Kuhn compare the emergence of a new paradigm to the changes of visual gestalt discussed by Hanson—and how does he distinguish the two (pp. 84-85)?

• How does a new paradigm come about and what sorts of “extraordinary research” may lead to it (pp. 85-88)?

• Why do discoveries proliferate in periods of extraordinary research (pp. 88-89)?

• Who are the typical inventors of a new paradigm pp. 89-90)?

• Note how Kuhn’s concluding comments both look back to what he has said and point to the rest of the book (pp. 90-91).