disjunction hedging to add to coverage cases where alternative is true trimming content to cases where alternative is false (= trimming content to common content of the two alternatives) simple conditional hedging to add to coverage cases where antecedent is false trimming content to cases where antecedent is true unless conditional hedging to add to coverage cases where subordinate clause is true trimming conent to cases where subordinate clause is false only-if conditional hedging denial to add to coverage cases where subordinate clause is true trimming content of denial to cases where subordinate clause is false