phi_270_text_7_1_xa

7.1.xa. Exercise answers

1.

a.


`Ann`	`saw`	`a movie`		`and told`	`Bill`	`about`	`it`
T		Q			T

b.

`Tim`	`watched`	`a dance troop`	`from`	`India`
T		Q		T

c.


`If`	`anyone`		`backs out,`	`they`		`will get`	`a refund`
	Q						Q

d.


`Dave`		`called`	`everyone`	`he`		`knew`
T			Q

e.

`Every dog in`	`the kennel`	`was barking`
Q	T

f.


`Bill`	`heard`	`something`		`and`	`Carol`	`heard`	`it`		`, too`
T		Q			T

g.

`Tim`	`watched`	`a dance troop`	`from`	`the balcony`
T		Q		T

2.	a.	Two ways ambiguous:
		i)	`Everyone is such that (he or she works toward some goal)`.
		ii)	`Some goal is such that (everyone works toward it)`.
			(ii) implies (i).
	b.	Not ambiguous
	c.	Four ways ambiguous:
		i)	`Every day is such that (someone eats at a restaurant on that day)`.
		ii)	`Someone is such that (every day is such that (he or she eats at a restaurant on that day))`.
			[Notice that, although `that day` is a demonstrative phrase (and might thus be counted an individual term), it does not have a reference independent of the quantifier phrase `every day`. It therefore functions here like a pronoun with `every day` as its antecedent. The phrase `the truck` has a similar function in `A truck struck a car but only the truck was damaged`.]

		iii)	`A restaurant is such that (every day is such that (someone eats at it on that day))`.
		iv)	`Some person and restaurant are such that (he or she eats at it every day)`.
			(iv) implies all the others; (ii) and (iii) each imply (i).

3.	Class indicators are boxed.
	a.	i.	`Every book was checked out`. `Every book is such that (it was checked out)`.
		ii.	counterexample: a book that was not checked out
		iii.	Direct and affirmative.
	b.	i.	`Kathy spoke to each guest`. `Each guest is such that (Kathy spoke to him or her)`.
		ii.	counterexample: a guest that Kathy did not speak to
		iii.	Direct and affirmative.
	c.	i.	`No one in the lobby had seen the package before the explosion.` `No one [i.e., person] in the lobby is such that (he or she had seen the package before the explosion)`.
		ii.	counterexample: a person in the lobby who had seen the package before the explosion
		iii.	Direct and negative.

	d.	i.	`Tod carefully noted everything he saw in the room`. `Every thing Tod saw in the room is such that (Tod carefully noted it).`
		ii.	counterexample: something Tod saw in the room that he did not carefully note
		iii.	Direct and affirmative.
	e.	i.	`No one who was familiar with both France and Germany was surprised`. `No one [i.e., person] who was familiar with both France and Germany is such that (he or she was surprised)`.
		ii.	counterexample: someone familiar with both France and Germany who was surprised
		iii.	Direct and negative.

	f.	i.	`The committee accepted only entries submitted before the deadline`. `Only entries submitted before the deadline are such that (the committee accepted them)`.
		ii.	counterexample: an entry not submitted before the deadline that the commitee did accept [Note: this reflects the simplest interpretation of the generalization, one that does not make distinctions among parts of the class indicator; that is, in analyzing it this way we do not look for the differences in emphasis that are the topic of the next exercise.]
		iii.	Complementary and negative.

4.	a.	`Among new vehicles, only commercial ones are covered by the regulation`.
	b.	`Among French composers, only those of the early Baroque used that device`.
	c.	`Among vehicles, all but emergency ones were banned from the park`.
	d.	`Among commercial vehicles, only new ones are covered by the regulation`.
	e.	`Among jelly beans, Sam eats all but orange ones`.
	f.	`Among vehicles, only new commercial ones are covered by the regulation`.

5.

a.

domain: roads
attribute: the property of being finished
Every road is finished

	b.	domain: roads attribute: the property of being unfinished `No road is finished`
	c.	domain: things that are not roads attribute: the property of being unfinished `Only roads are finished`
	d.	domain: roads that are not urban freeways attribute: the property of being finished `All roads, except urban freeways, are finished`
	e.	domain: roads that are not urban freeways attribute: the property of not being well maintained `No roads, except urban freeways, are well-maintained`
	f.	domain: federal projects that are roads but not urban freeways attribute: the property of being finished `Among federal projects, all roads, except urban freeways, are finished`
	g.	domain: alumni who are dentists but not orthodontists attribute: the property of not having frowned `Among alumni, no dentists, except orthodontists, frowned`

Glen Helman 19 Jul 2012