For each of the following sentences, give a sentence it implies and a sentence it implicates (but does not imply) in the context described:

My plate is clean, as reported by a small boy who has been told to finish his vegetables by a parent saying, Clean your plate.

There is a cooler in the trunk, said in reply to someone’s expressed wish to have a beer.

I saw the director’s last movie, said in reply to someone who asked whether the speaker has seen a certain new movie.

Many philosophers would argue that the sentence I’m Adam, when true, expresses the same proposition as Adam is Adam; that is, if it is true at all, it is true in every logically possible world. The phenomenon of indexicality or deixis can help to explain how I’m Adam could be informative even if these philosophers are correct and it expresses a tautology when it is true. To see how this might work, ask yourself what information can be derived about a context of utterance by accommodating the use in this context of the sentence I’m Adam.

J. L. Austin, the philosopher who made people aware of the variety and importance of speech acts, suggested a way of identifying them. Look for verbs that can fit in the context I hereby … (e.g., I hereby assert that … or I hereby apologize). That is, look for, verbs that (in grammarians’ jargon) can be used in first person indicative active sentences in the simple present tense along with the adverb hereby. These are the performative verbs mentioned in 1.3.3. Austin suggested that there are such verbs for most speech acts. Find half a dozen as varied in character as possible.