2.3.xa. Exercise answers

1.
│A (2)
├─
││●
│├─
2 QED ││A 1
││○ A ⇏ B
│├─
││B 1
├─
1 Cnj │A ∧ B
ABA/AB
TF 
2.
│A ∧ B 1
├─
1 Ext │A (4),(6)
1 Ext │B (5)
││●
│├─
4 QED ││A 2
│││●
││├─
5 QED │││B 3
││
│││●
││├─
6 QED │││A 3
│├─
3 Cnj ││B ∧ A 2
├─
2 Cnj │A ∧ (B ∧ A)
3.
│B ∧ E 1
│C ∧ ⊤ 2
├─
1 Ext │B (5)
1 Ext │E
2 Ext │C (7)
2 Ext │⊤
│││○ B, C, E, ⊤ ⇏ A
││├─
│││A 4
││
│││●
││├─
5 QED │││B 4
│├─
4 Cnj ││A ∧ B 3
│││●
││├─
7 QED │││C 6
││
│││○ B, C, E, ⊤ ⇏ D
││├─
│││D 6
│├─
6 Cnj ││C ∧ D 3
├─
3 Cnj │(A ∧ B) ∧ (C ∧ D)
ABCDEBE,C/(AB)(CD)
FTTFT   T F  F 

This derivation could have been ended after stage 4 when the first open gap has reached a dead end. Often answers will show a derivation continued further than necessary in order to show how the further steps would have worked out. The counterexample presented here divides both dead-end gaps; there are others that divide one of the two. Notice that ⊤ is not assigned a value at the left of the table. Since its value is fixed by the stipulation that it is a tautology, a value need not and cannot be assigned to it as part of an extensional interpretation.

4.
│A ∧ B 1
│B ∧ C 2
│B ∧ D 3
├─
1 Ext │A (5)
1 Ext │B
2 Ext │B
2 Ext │C
3 Ext │B
3 Ext │D (6)
││●
│├─
5 QED ││A 4
││●
│├─
6 QED ││D 4
├─
4 Cnj │A ∧ D

Clearly, there is redundancy in the active resources of the gaps after stage 3. Since both gaps close, the exploitation of the second premise at stage 2 is not necessary (though it would be necessary before any gap could reach a dead end). It would be possible to state rules so that the resource B was not repeated at stages 2 and 3, but such repetition does not ordinarily enlarge derivations significantly and makes it easier to check whether rules have been applied fully and correctly.

5.
│A (6)
│B ∧ A 1
│D (7)
├─
1 Ext │B (5)
1 Ext │A
││●
│├─
5 QED ││B 2
││││○ A,B,D ⇏ C
│││├─
││││C 4
│││
││││●
│││├─
6 QED ││││A 4
││├─
4 Cnj │││C ∧ A 3
││
│││●
││├─
7 QED │││D 3
│├─
3 Cnj ││(C ∧ A) ∧ D 2
├─
2 Cnj │B ∧ ((C ∧ A) ∧ D)
ABCDABAD/B((CA)D)
TTFT F F
Glen Helman 15 Aug 2006