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c. |
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e. |
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f. |
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g. |
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2. | a. | Two ways ambiguous: | |
i) | Everyone is such that (he or she works toward some goal). | ||
ii) | Some goal is such that (everyone works toward it). | ||
(ii) implies (i). | |||
b. | Not ambiguous | ||
c. | Four ways ambiguous: | ||
i) | Every day is such that (someone eats at a restaurant on that day). | ||
ii) | Someone is such that (every day is such that (he or she eats at a restaurant on that day)). | ||
[Notice that, although that day is a demonstrative phrase (and might thus be counted an individual term), it does not have a reference independent of the quantifier phrase every day. It therefore functions here like a pronoun with every day as its antecedent. The phrase the truck has a similar function in A truck struck a car but only the truck was damaged.] | |||
iii) | A restaurant is such that (every day is such that (someone eats at it on that day)). | ||
iv) | Some person and restaurant are such that (he or she eats at it every day). | ||
(iv) implies all the others; (ii) and (iii) each imply (i).
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3. | Class indicators are boxed. | ||
a. | i. |
Every book was checked out.
Every book is such that (it was checked out). |
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ii. | counterexample: a book that was not checked out | ||
iii. | Direct and affirmative. | ||
b. | i. |
Kathy spoke to each guest.
Each guest is such that (Kathy spoke to him or her). |
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ii. | counterexample: a guest that Kathy did not speak to | ||
iii. | Direct and affirmative. | ||
c. | i. |
No one in the lobby had seen the package before the explosion.
No one [i.e., person] in the lobby is such that (he or she had seen the package before the explosion). |
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ii. | counterexample: a person in the lobby who had seen the package before the explosion | ||
iii. | Direct and negative. |
d. | i. |
Tod carefully noted everything he saw in the room.
Every thing Tod saw in the room is such that (Tod carefully noted it). |
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ii. | counterexample: something Tod saw in the room that he did not carefully note | ||
iii. | Direct and affirmative. | ||
e. | i. |
No one who was familiar with both France and Germany was surprised.
No one [i.e., person] who was familiar with both France and Germany is such that (he or she was surprised). |
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ii. | counterexample: someone familiar with both France and Germany who was surprised | ||
iii. | Direct and negative. | ||
f. | i. |
The committee accepted only entries submitted before the deadline.
Only entries submitted before the deadline are such that (the committee accepted them). |
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ii. |
counterexample: an entry not submitted before the deadline that the commitee did accept
[Note: this reflects the simplest interpretation of the generalization that does not make distinctions among parts of the class indicator; that is, it does not look for the differences in emphasis that are the topic of the next exercise.] |
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iii. | Complementary and negative. |
4. | a. | Among new vehicles, only commercial ones are covered by the regulation. |
b. | Among French composers, only those of the early Baroque used that device. | |
c. | Among vehicles, all but emergency ones were banned from the park. | |
d. | Among commercial vehicles, only new ones are covered by the regulation. | |
e. | Among jelly beans, Sam eats all but orange ones. | |
f. | Among vehicles, only new commercial ones are covered by the regulation. |
5. | a. |
domain: roads
attribute: the property of being finished Every road is finished |
b. |
domain: roads
attribute: the property of being unfinished No road is finished |
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c. |
domain: things that are not roads
attribute: the property of being unfinished Only roads are finished |
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d. |
domain: roads that are not urban freeways
attribute: the property of being finished All roads, except urban freeways, are finished |
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e. |
domain: roads that are not urban freeways
attribute: the property of not being well maintained No roads, except urban freeways, are well-maintained |
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f. |
domain: federal projects that are roads but not urban freeways
attribute: the property of being finished Among federal projects, all roads, except urban freeways, are finished |
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g. |
domain: alumni who are dentists but not orthodontists
attribute: the property of not having frowned Among alumni, no dentists, except orthodontists, frowned |