| 1. | The following are perhaps the most likely answers though they are not the only correct ones: | |
| a. | implies: No vegetables are on the boy’s
plate
implicates: The boy has finished his vegetables |
|
| b. | implies: The trunk is not empty
implicates: There is beer in the cooler |
|
| c. | implies: The speaker has seen a movie
by the director in question.
implicates: The speaker has not seen the new movie [with further implicatures depending on the tone of voice] |
|
| 2. | The truth value of I’m Adam depends on features of the context in which it is uttered—specifically, on the identity of the speaker. So, it is not true in some contexts of utterance. A sentence like this can inform us of the identity of the speaker. We derive this information not simply by assuming that the actual world is a world in which the sentence true but by assuming that the sentence has been uttered in a context in which it is true. | |
| 3. | Of course, if Austin was right, thousands of answers are possible. The most I can do is note a five-fold classification of speech acts (which is due to the philosopher John Searle but based on Austin’s ideas) along with examples of performative verbs for each sort of act: representatives (e.g., assert and conclude) commit the speaker to the truth of something, directives (e.g., order and ask) are attempts to get the speaker’s audience to do something, commissives (e.g., promise and threaten) commit the speaker to some future action, expressives (e.g., apologize and congratulate) express a psychological state, and declarations (e.g., sentence and promote) effect some change in an institution. | |